SS-31 (Elamipretide)

SS-31 (Elamipretide) – 30mg – A Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide for Cellular Energy and Apoptosis Research

Category: Peptide Research Compounds / Mitochondrial Research / Anti-Aging & Cell Death Studies

Disclaimer: ATTENTION: PX1 Research PRODUCTS ARE INTENDED FOR LABORATORY RESEARCH AND IN-VITRO STUDIES ONLY. The data provided on this platform is strictly for academic and scientific inquiry purposes. These substances are absolutely not intended for use in humans or animals, nor for therapeutic, food, or diagnostic use. By placing an order with PX1 Research, you certify that you are a trained professional conducting research within a sanctioned laboratory setting. Compliance with all regional, state, and national laws regarding the use of research grade chemicals is required. All substances must be managed using appropriate safety gear (PPE) and following standard laboratory safety measures.

This ultra-pure peptide, targeted specifically at mitochondria, is intended for high-level cellular investigations. SS-31 migrates specifically to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it preserves cristae integrity and mitigates oxidative stress at its point of origin.

This 30mg supply of freeze-dried powder is meant solely for use by qualified personnel in in-vitro research. Not for therapeutic or veterinary applications.

Sequence: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ Purity: ≥98% (Confirmed by HPLC) Storage: Maintain at a temperature of -20°C or colder

---

Targeting the Powerhouse: A Research Guide to SS-31 (Elamipretide)

PX1 Research is pleased to provide a comprehensive look at a pivotal molecule in mitochondrial science: SS-31, also referred to as Elamipretide. This offering includes 30mg of high-grade, lyophilized peptide, serving as a vital instrument for studying biological energy production, oxidative management, and programmed cell death. A specialized, water-soluble tetra-peptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂), SS-31 is designed to navigate to and safeguard the inner mitochondrial membrane. This overview provides the scientific foundation necessary to structure experiments in the sectors of longevity science, cardiology, neurology, and nephrology.

Section 1: The Scientific Basis of SS-31’s Mechanism of Action

The experimental utility of SS-31 stems from its capacity to permeate cell membranes and concentrate significantly—up to several hundred times—within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This is the critical site for ATP synthesis and the electron transport chain (ETC). Its functionality is centered on two specific interactions in this organelle.

1. Binding to Cardiolipin and Stabilizing Mitochondrial Cristae: The IMM contains high levels of cardiolipin, a phospholipid vital for the structural integrity and operation of ETC complexes. During cellular stress, oxidized cardiolipin can cause the mitochondrial membrane to become porous, triggering apoptosis. SS-31 possesses a structural configuration that allows it to bind specifically with cardiolipin. By latching onto the negatively charged regions of this lipid, SS-31 reinforces the mitochondrial cristae, stopping the structural transitions that lead to the release of cell-death triggers such as cytochrome c.
2. Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) at the Source: The ETC is the primary origin of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. While baseline ROS levels are necessary for signaling, excess production leads to oxidative stress, harming proteins, lipids, and DNA—a major factor in aging and degeneration. The dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) component of SS-31 acts as a powerful antioxidant. Because SS-31 settles exactly where ROS are synthesized—at the ETC—it neutralizes these radicals with high efficiency, halting the lipid peroxidation cycles that would otherwise destroy mitochondrial integrity.
3. Enhancing ATP Production and Improving Metabolic Efficiency: By ensuring the ETC remains functional and minimizing energy loss through proton leakage, SS-31 aids in re-establishing the link between the electron chain and ATP creation. Consequently, mitochondria can generate more usable energy from the same substrates, which is vital for energy-hungry cells like those in the kidneys, heart, and brain.

The high affinity of SS-31 for the mitochondrial space makes it a more precise research tool than general antioxidants, as it stops oxidative damage at the source without interfering with necessary redox signaling in other cellular areas.

Section 2: Key Research Applications for SS-31

Our 30mg SS-31 vial is optimized for complex in-vitro experimental use. The following areas represent major research fields supported by existing literature.

2.1 Investigating Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury occurs when tissue damage is paradoxically intensified by the return of blood flow to previously oxygen-starved areas. This is primarily caused by an explosion of mitochondrial ROS once oxygen is reintroduced.

• Relevant Study: *Szeto, H. H., Liu, S., Soong, Y., Alam, N., Prusky, G. T., & Seshan, S. V. (2016). Protection of mitochondria from ischemia-reperfusion injury by a mitochondria-targeting peptide. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 27(1), 106-116.**
• PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25956508/
• Focus of Research: This paper looked at how effectively SS-31 protected kidney mitochondria and renal function in a mouse model of IR injury.
• Key Findings: Administering SS-31 prior to the injury significantly maintained kidney function, decreased the death of tubular cells, and limited tissue damage. The results proved that SS-31 stopped the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and the escape of cytochrome c.
• Research Implication: Science teams can utilize SS-31 in in-vitro IR models, such as exposing neurons or cardiomyocytes to oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation. Success can be measured via cell viability tests, ATP levels, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) analysis using TMRM or JC-1.
• Estimated Compound Usage for In-Vitro Replication: Typical cell culture concentrations fluctuate between 1 nM and 100 nM. A 10 mL sample at 100 nM requires only 1 µg of the peptide. Consequently, a 30mg vial supports massive amounts of testing, allowing for thorough dose-response curve development.

2.2 Research on Age-Related Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration

The theory that aging is driven by cumulative mitochondrial protein and DNA damage is a primary focus of biogerontology. SS-31 is a centerpiece for exploring methods to slow this decline.

• Relevant Study: *Sloan, R. C., Rosenbaum, M. A., & (2012). The mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds to and protects mitochondrial cristae from oxidative damage. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 342(2), 333-340.*
• PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22570361/
• Focus of Research: This in-vitro investigation utilized electron microscopy and EPR spectroscopy to observe the physical effects of SS-31 on mitochondria under oxidative load.
• Key Findings: The data verified that SS-31 attaches to cardiolipin, shielding the cristae structure from damage caused by oxidants like tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). This offered visual proof of SS-31’s protective mechanism.
• Research Implication: Researchers can apply SS-31 to aging neural models, such as aged primary neurons or cells stressed by beta-amyloid or rotenone. Observations can focus on mitochondrial shape via confocal imaging, DNA damage analysis, and axonal transport assessments.
• Estimated Compound Usage for In-Vitro Replication: Long-term studies on age-related decline often use 10-50 nM concentrations over several days. The 30mg vial is well-suited for such sustained experiments.

2.3 Exploring Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy Models

As a metabolically demanding organ, the heart's health is intrinsically tied to mitochondrial performance. Mitochondrial failure is a hallmark of heart disease.

• Relevant Study: *Dai, D. F., Hsieh, E. J., Chen, T., & (2013). Global proteomics and pathway analysis of pressure-overload-induced heart failure in mice. Cardiovascular Research, 98(3), 421-430.*
• Relevant Study: *Chattopadhyay, M., & (2018). The mitochondrial-targeted peptide SS-31 ameliorates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a murine model. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 29(1).
• Relevant Study: *Brown, D. A., Hale, S. L., & (2014). Reduction of early reperfusion injury with the mitochondria-targeting peptide SS-31 in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 19(1).
• PubMed Link (for Brown et al.): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23946214/
• Focus of Research: This investigation analyzed SS-31 in a porcine model following a heart attack.
• Key Findings: SS-31 application during reperfusion notably limited the size of the infarct and boosted heart function, suggesting its potential in acute coronary research.
• Research Implication: For in-vitro studies, researchers can use SS-31 on H9c2 lines or primary cardiomyocytes during hypoxia/reoxygenation. Relevant markers include calcium flux, contractility, and cardiac-specific apoptosis indicators.
• Estimated Compound Usage for In-Vitro Replication: Studies typically use 10-500 nM. Because primary heart cell cultures are complex and expensive, the guaranteed purity of our SS-31 is vital for valid, repeatable data.

2.4 Studies on Sarcopenia and Muscular Degeneration

The loss of muscle due to aging (sarcopenia) is linked to failing mitochondria in the muscle fibers.

• Research Application: SS-31 can be used in skeletal muscle models, like C2C12 myotubes, to see how it affects mitochondria under starvation or corticosteroid-induced atrophy.
• Experimental Design: By treating myotubes with SS-31, researchers can track ROS levels, mitochondrial density, and the activity of genes like PGC-1α (biogenesis) or MuRF-1 (atrophy).

Section 3: Synergistic Research: SS-31 and Other Compounds

Advanced research often looks for collective benefits when combining several compounds.

• With NAD+ Precursors: Investigations could check if raising NAD+ levels (via NMN or NR) works in tandem with SS-31's membrane protection to further boost ATP and sirtuin levels.
• With Other Antioxidants (e.g., MitoQ): Experiments can compare or combine different targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ and SS-31, across various disease models.
• With Metabolic Substrates: Research may explore if providing alternative fuels like ketones alongside SS-31 improves survival for metabolically stressed heart or brain cells.

Section 4: PX1 Research Quality and Specifications

Product Specification:

• Compound Name: SS-31 (Elamipretide)
• Sequence: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂
• Molecular Formula: C₃₄H₅₉N₁₃O₆
• Molecular Weight: 733.93 g/mol
• Purity: ≥98% (HPLC Validated)
• Form: White powder (lyophilized)
• Storage: Keep at -20°C or lower. Store in a dry place. Keep away from light.
• Solubility: Dissolves in sterile saline or water. It is recommended to mix fresh for each use.

Why Choose PX1 Research for Your SS-31 Research?

• High Purity for Precise Science: SS-31 requires a specific charge and structure to work; our ≥98% purity (HPLC/MS verified) ensures your data is accurate.
• Stringent Quality Assurance: We test for endotoxins and impurities that could interfere with sensitive cell-death or inflammation assays.
• Designed for Scientists: We serve only the research community, meeting the high standards required by institutional and academic labs.
• Full Data Transparency: Every batch comes with a detailed Certificate of Analysis (CoA) to ensure complete confidence in your materials.

Section 5: Conclusion and Research Direction

PX1 Research’s 30mg vial of SS-31 is an essential, high-precision tool for exploring the role of mitochondria in disease, aging, and general health. Its specific interaction with the internal mitochondrial membrane provides deep insight into energy production, cell death, and oxidation. Studies involving SS-31 continue to highlight the organelle as a master regulator in various degenerative states.

We are dedicated to providing the high-caliber materials needed for your groundbreaking scientific work.

Purchase your SS-31 (30mg) vial now to advance your investigation into cellular energy and health.

Disclaimer: All PX1 Research products are for laboratory research use only. Not for human or animal consumption.