An AOD-9604 Certificate of Analysis (COA) provides critical lot-specific analytical data verifying compound identity, chemical purity, and bioburden levels prior to experimental use. Evaluating analytical documentation ensures laboratory investigations rely on precise, contaminant-free peptides engineered to strict scientific specifications.
An AOD-9604 Certificate of Analysis (COA) provides critical lot-specific analytical data verifying compound identity, chemical purity, and bioburden levels prior to experimental use. Evaluating analytical documentation ensures laboratory investigations rely on precise, contaminant-free peptides engineered to strict scientific specifications.
An AOD-9604 Certificate of Analysis (COA) is an essential quality assurance document generated by an independent ISO 17025 accredited testing laboratory. It presents empirical proof of a peptide lot's chemical composition, confirming that the sample matches its theoretical molecular weight and meets designated purity thresholds. For principal investigators and laboratory technicians, reviewing a COA is the primary step in establishing experimental repeatability and eliminating confounding variables caused by synthesis byproducts, residual solvents, or biological contaminants.
When auditing an AOD-9604 research compound COA, researchers must examine key analytical parameters: Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) for purity percentages, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) for sequence integrity, and Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assays for endotoxin quantification. Authentic documentation includes matching lot numbers, clear chromatograms, signature verification, and full transparency regarding the analytical methods employed.
AOD-9604 is a modified synthetic peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (hGH), specifically encompassing amino acids 177–191 with an added tyrosine residue at the N-terminus. Its empirical chemical formula is C78H123N23O23S2, yielding a calculated theoretical molecular weight of approximately 1815.1 Da. The sequence includes a critical intramolecular disulfide bridge between Cysteine-182 and Cysteine-189 (numbering relative to the parent hGH sequence), which stabilizes the tertiary structure necessary for receptor binding assays.
Mass spectrometry data presented on a valid COA confirms whether the target molecule has been correctly synthesized without truncation or missing residues. The primary observed mass peak on an ESI-MS or MALDI-TOF spectrum must match the theoretical mass within tight mass tolerance window (typically ±1.0 Da). Deviations in observed mass indicate improper disulfide formation, incomplete deprotection, or amino acid deletions during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), which render the material unsuitable for high-precision in vitro research.
Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the standard technique used to quantify the chemical purity of synthetic peptides. The RP-HPLC process separates the main target peptide from hydrophobic and hydrophilic impurities—such as deletion sequences, oxidized species, or protecting group adducts—by passing the sample through a C18 stationary phase column under a acetonitrile/water mobile gradient containing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).
The resulting chromatogram displays relative absorbance peaks over time (retention time). Purity is determined by calculating the Area Under the Curve (AUC) for the principal target peak relative to the total combined peak areas. A research-grade COA must demonstrate an AUC purity of ≥98.0%. Researchers should carefully review the baseline for secondary peaks; minor peaks surrounding the main analyte represent synthesis impurities that could alter receptor interaction dynamics in cell culture models.
Mass spectrometry validates peptide identity by determining the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the ionized compound. In high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) setups, Electrospray Ionization (ESI-MS) is frequently utilized to generate singly and multiply charged species. For AOD-9604, typical ESI spectra display prominent [M+H]+ and [M+2H]2+ ions corresponding to the protonated states of the 1815.1 Da parent structure.
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry may also be featured on third-party COAs. Regardless of the ionization method, the spectral report must show a singular dominant mass signature matching the predicted molecular weight. The absence of unexpected adduct peaks (such as sodium +23 Da or potassium +39 Da adducts) confirms effective desalting during purification, preventing ion suppression artifacts in subsequent analytical experiments.
Bacterial endotoxins—primarily lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Gram-negative outer membranes—represent a major source of non-specific cellular toxicity in preclinical models. When peptides are introduced into cell cultures or tissue assays, elevated endotoxin concentrations can trigger immune responses, upregulate inflammatory cytokines, and corrupt experimental observations. Therefore, rigorous bioburden testing is mandatory.
PX1 Research enforces strict endotoxin limits, evaluating every lot via kinetic chromogenic LAL assays. A compliant AOD-9604 COA reflects an endotoxin threshold of <0.5 EU/mg (Endotoxin Units per milligram). Verifying low endotoxin status ensures that observed biological activity in cellular assays is directly attributable to the peptide mechanism rather than bacterial lipopolysaccharide contamination. Detailed parameters regarding bioburden thresholds are available in our endotoxin testing reference guides.
In preclinical literature, AOD-9604 is investigated for its potential role in lipid metabolism regulation independent of systemic growth-promoting pathways. Rodent and in vitro studies indicate that the C-terminal region of growth hormone retains lipolytic properties while bypassing the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimulating activity associated with the full-length hormone. Researchers analyze AOD-9604 to evaluate beta-3 adrenergic receptor signaling, intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation, and glycerol release in isolated adipocyte preparations.
Furthermore, preclinical research models explore potential chondrogenic effects, studying how C-terminal hGH fragments influence matrix synthesis and proteoglycan expression in articular cartilage explants. Because these metabolic pathways require unhindered binding kinetics, utilizing material with verified molecular structural integrity—as documented by a lot-specific COA—is vital for collecting reproducible experimental data across our broad research peptides catalog.
Evaluating research peptides within the growth hormone axis requires understanding their structural and functional differences. While AOD-9604 represents a truncated peptide fragment isolated from the hGH sequence, related compounds operate via entirely distinct biochemical mechanisms and exhibit unique analytical profiles on high-resolution COAs.
For instance, HGH Frag 176-191 shares structural homology with AOD-9604 but lacks the N-terminal tyrosine modification, altering its retention time on RP-HPLC columns and resulting in a slightly lower molecular weight (1808.1 Da). Conversely, growth hormone secretagogues like CJC-1295 DAC and Tesamorelin are synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogs designed to stimulate pituitary GH secretion rather than mimic a domain of the hormone itself. Comparing chromatograms and mass spectra across these distinct classes ensures investigators correctly identify sequence-specific characteristics before initiating multi-compound comparative assays.
AOD-9604 is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder to maximize chemical stability during transport and storage. Proper reconstitution procedures are necessary to preserve peptide tertiary structure and prevent aggregation or precipitate formation. Prior to reconstitution, vials should be allowed to equilibrate to room temperature to minimize moisture condensation inside the glass vessel.
For most cell culture and in vitro assay applications, sterile Bacteriostatic Water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) or Sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride is recommended as the diluent. The diluent should be introduced slowly down the inner glass wall of the vial, followed by gentle swirling. Severe agitation or vortexing must be avoided, as shear stress can disrupt delicate peptide bonds and promote self-association into insoluble fibrils. Comprehensive reconstitution volume guides can be accessed via our peptide reconstitution resource center.
Peptides are sensitive to thermal degradation, photo-oxidation, and hydrolysis. Lyophilized AOD-9604 maintains optimum stability when stored at -20°C in a manual defrost freezer away from light exposure. Under these conditions, the un-reconstituted peptide retains structural integrity matching its original COA specifications for up to 24 months.
Once reconstituted into aqueous solution, the chemical stability window decreases significantly. Liquid aliquots should be stored at 2°C to 8°C for short-term use (up to 30 days) or sub-aliquoted and stored at -80°C to prevent repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Micro-tubes containing reconstituted peptide must be tightly sealed to prevent evaporation and ambient moisture absorption, which alter concentration calculations in sensitive enzymatic assays.
PX1 Research sets the industry benchmark for research-grade peptide manufacturing and analytical transparency. Every batch of AOD-9604 undergoes complete analytical testing in US-based, ISO 17025 accredited facilities prior to distribution. We provide independent, lot-specific Certificates of Analysis featuring full-spectrum RP-HPLC chromatograms, ESI-MS mass confirmation, and quantitative LAL endotoxin data.
Our products are synthesized in GMP-compliant facilities within the United States, adhering to rigorous quality management systems. Orders are dispatched directly from our California and Arizona fulfillment hubs with same-day shipping on all orders placed Monday through Friday. Principal investigators seeking bulk quantities or custom institutional supply lines can apply through our dedicated wholesale lab account portal.
What information does an AOD-9604 COA contain?
An AOD-9604 COA includes lot-specific testing data: RP-HPLC chromatograms for chemical purity percentage (≥98%), mass spectrometry spectra confirming theoretical molecular weight (~1815.1 Da), LAL assay results for endotoxin levels (<0.5 EU/mg), synthesis date, and laboratory verification signatures.
How is AOD-9604 purity verified on the COA?
Purity is verified using Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). The analyte is separated on a C18 column, and the area under the main target peak is measured relative to all observed peaks to establish an absolute purity percentage.
Why is mass spectrometry critical on an AOD-9604 certificate?
Mass spectrometry (ESI-MS or MALDI-TOF) confirms the exact molecular mass of the compound. This ensures correct amino acid sequence synthesis and verifies that no truncated peptides, deletion sequences, or heavy adducts contaminate the sample.
What is the acceptable endotoxin threshold for research-grade AOD-9604?
For rigorous in vitro and preclinical research, endotoxin levels should not exceed 0.5 EU/mg. PX1 Research enforces strict bioburden testing via kinetic LAL assays to ensure low endotoxin levels across all production lots.
How should lyophilized AOD-9604 be stored upon arrival at the lab?
Lyophilized AOD-9604 should be stored at -20°C in a dry, dark environment. Under these conditions, the powder remains stable for up to 24 months. Reconstituted solutions should be stored at 2°C to 8°C for short-term handling or aliquoted at -80°C for long-term storage.
What diluents are suitable for reconstituting AOD-9604 for lab experiments?
Bacteriostatic Water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) or sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride are standard diluents for laboratory reconstitution. Swirl gently to dissolve; do not vortex vigorously.
What is the structural difference between AOD-9604 and HGH Frag 176-191?
AOD-9604 features an additional tyrosine residue at the N-terminus of the 177–191 sequence of human growth hormone, yielding a molecular weight of 1815.1 Da, whereas HGH Frag 176-191 lacks this modification and has a molecular weight of 1808.1 Da.
Where are PX1 Research peptides manufactured and tested?
PX1 Research peptides are manufactured in GMP-compliant facilities in the USA and undergo independent third-party analytical testing at ISO 17025 accredited laboratories.
All products are sold strictly for laboratory and research use only. Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment or consumption. Statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.