AOD-9604 is a synthetic C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone extensively investigated in preclinical models for its targeted lipolytic properties. In experimental settings, ensuring chemical purity and verifying lot-specific analytical data is vital for generating reproducible data. PX1 Research provides USA-manufactured AOD-9604 backed by comprehensive third-party COAs, RP-HPLC purity profiles, and mass spectrometry validation.
AOD-9604 is a synthetic C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone extensively investigated in preclinical models for its targeted lipolytic properties. In experimental settings, ensuring chemical purity and verifying lot-specific analytical data is vital for generating reproducible data. PX1 Research provides USA-manufactured AOD-9604 backed by comprehensive third-party COAs, RP-HPLC purity profiles, and mass spectrometry validation.
High-purity AOD-9604 for laboratory research refers to a synthetic peptide sequence exhibiting a minimum of 98.0% purity as determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Accurate molecular mass verification (1815.1 Da) and endotoxin levels below 0.01 EU/µg ensure that experimental observations reflect authentic peptide activity without chemical artifact or baseline cellular toxicity.
When purchasing compounds for cellular culture or animal models, raw purity percentages alone are insufficient without full spectrum validation. Researchers must verify that peak integrations account for minor synthesis deletion sequences and that residual trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or organic solvents are reduced to safe baseline thresholds.
AOD-9604 is a modified peptide derivative representing the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (hGH 177-191) with an added N-terminal tyrosine residue. Its primary amino acid sequence is Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe, containing a critical intramolecular disulfide bridge between the Cys7 and Cys14 residues. This secondary cyclic structure is essential for maintaining peptide stability and specific receptor interaction during in vitro assays.
The addition of the N-terminal tyrosine distinguishes AOD-9604 from unmodified fragments, improving metabolic stability during assay incubations. To understand how these structural modifications influence binding kinetics and enzymatic resistance, review our guide on the AOD-9604 mechanism of action. When procuring this compound, evaluating the integrity of the disulfide linkage is just as vital as confirming the primary linear sequence of the AOD-9604 research peptide.
Determining the purity of synthetic peptides requires a multi-tiered analytical approach. The primary standard for quantifying chromatographic purity is Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). In this procedure, the sample is eluted through a C18 stationary phase using a gradient of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% TFA. Absorbance is measured at 214 nm to detect peptide backbone absorption. A pure sample displays a single, sharp principal peak, with total integrated area under the peak defining the purity percentage.
While HPLC confirms physical separation and relative purity, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) confirms chemical identity. ESI-MS measures the exact mass-to-charge ratio ($m/z$) of the peptide ions, matching the theoretical monoisotopic mass of 1815.1 Da. This step rules out truncated sequences, incorrect disulfide pairing, or residual protecting group adducts. For a deeper breakdown of analytical methodology, explore our documentation on peptide purity testing via HPLC and MS.
Bacterial endotoxins—primarily lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Gram-negative outer membranes—are common contaminants in synthetic peptide processing. In cell culture assays or animal models, even trace quantities of endotoxin can trigger non-specific inflammatory signaling pathways, skewing cytokine expression and masking true peptide activity.
PX1 Research subjects every batch of AOD-9604 to strict chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay testing. Laboratory-grade reagents must demonstrate endotoxin levels under defined thresholds (typically <0.01 EU/µg). Eliminating pyrogenic artifacts ensures that observed phenotypic changes in target tissues derive purely from the action of the peptide under investigation.
Maintaining batch-to-batch consistency requires rigid quality management systems. Modern peptide synthesis relies on Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) under GMP-compliant operational environments. Following cleavage from the resin matrix and preparative HPLC purification, the material must be lyophilized under sterile, climate-controlled conditions to prevent humidity uptake and peptide hydrolysis.
PX1 Research operates exclusively with USA-manufactured compounds validated by independent, ISO/IEC 17025 accredited analytical laboratories. Every lot is accompanied by a public, downloadable Certificate of Analysis (COA) detailing the exact HPLC chromatograms, mass spectra, residual solvent profiles, and moisture content. Researchers looking to secure high-volume lots for institutional projects can access complete analytical datasets through our wholesale lab accounts portal or search our full catalog of research peptides.
When evaluating metabolic and lipolytic signaling pathways in preclinical models, investigators frequently compare AOD-9604 against other growth hormone fragments and secretagogues. While full-length growth hormone exerts broad systemic effects across multiple tissue types, truncated fragments isolate specific sub-domains of activity.
For example, HGH Frag 176-191 represents the un-tyrosinated core C-terminal sequence, sharing a similar lipolytic focus but lacking the added N-terminal tyrosine that enhances chemical stability in AOD-9604. Conversely, growth hormone secretagogues like Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 No DAC act upstream via the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) and GHRH receptor respectively, inducing endogenous pulsatile GH release rather than directly mimicking the C-terminal domain. Comparing these compounds side-by-side helps researchers select the precise molecular tool for their assay design.
Proper handling of lyophilized AOD-9604 is crucial for maintaining peptide structural integrity following receipt. Synthetic peptides are sensitive to temperature, mechanical shear, and pH fluctuations. Prior to reconstituting, vials should be brought to room temperature in a desiccator to prevent atmospheric moisture condensation on the lyophilized cake.
Reconstitution should be performed using sterile laboratory solvents such as 0.9% Sodium Chloride, Sterile Water for Injection, or Bacteriostatic Water (containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol for multi-use assay protocols). Solvent should be directed against the glass inner wall of the vial rather than sprayed directly onto the peptide powder. Gentle swirling is recommended; violent agitation or vortexing can cause mechanical shearing of the peptide chain and induce precipitation or aggregate formation.
Lyophilized AOD-9604 exhibits high stability when stored at -20°C to -80°C in a dry environment protected from light. Under these conditions, the un-reconstituted powder maintains its stated purity profile for up to 24 months. Exposure to repeated freeze-thaw cycles must be strictly avoided, as thermal cycling causes physical stress that promotes peptide aggregation and degradation.
Once reconstituted into aqueous solution, the working shelf-life depends on storage temperature, solvent pH, and concentration. Reconstituted solutions stored at 2°C to 8°C remain stable for short-term assay windows (typically 7 to 14 days). For longer research timelines, aliquoting the stock solution into single-use microcentrifuge tubes before freezing at -80°C minimizes physical degradation pathways such as deamidation or disulfide swapping. Additional technical guidelines are available in the PX1 research library hub.
Preclinical literature demonstrates that AOD-9604 has been evaluated in various in vitro models and rodent studies focusing on lipid metabolism, adipocyte gene expression, and cartilage matrix regulation. In vitro data indicate that the peptide interacts with localized adipocyte receptors to stimulate lipolysis and inhibit lipogenesis without binding to classical growth hormone receptors that mediate systemic IGF-1 upregulation.
Furthermore, experimental rodent models have assessed the compound's impact on metabolic parameters without observing changes in serum glucose levels or insulin sensitivity—a common secondary effect of full-length growth hormone. These targeted properties make high-purity AOD-9604 an essential reagent for studies isolating metabolic signaling mechanisms independently of broad endocrine activation.
Reliable scientific outcomes depend on the absolute consistency of laboratory reagents. Substandard peptides containing chemical impurities, incorrect disulfide bonding, or high endotoxin levels introduce unquantified variables that compromise experimental validity. PX1 Research enforces rigorous quality control standards to eliminate these risks.
All PX1 peptides are manufactured in the United States, rigorously screened by ISO 17025 accredited third-party laboratories, and dispatched directly from our California and Arizona logistics facilities. Orders placed Monday through Friday ship same-day, ensuring fast delivery of high-purity compounds directly to your laboratory.
What is the standard purity threshold for research-grade AOD-9604?
High-purity AOD-9604 typically requires a minimum of 98.0% purity as verified by RP-HPLC peak integration area. This ensures minimal presence of synthetic deletion sequences or chemical impurities during analytical assays.
How is the molecular weight of AOD-9604 verified?
Molecular weight is confirmed using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). High-resolution mass spectrometry measures the specific mass-to-charge ratio ($m/z$), matching the theoretical monoisotopic mass of 1815.1 Da.
Why is an N-terminal tyrosine residue present in AOD-9604?
The addition of an N-terminal tyrosine to the hGH 177-191 sequence stabilizes the peptide structure against rapid enzymatic degradation, facilitating longer stability during in vitro and in vivo research protocols.
How should lyophilized AOD-9604 be stored upon delivery?
Lyophilized AOD-9604 should be stored at -20°C or -80°C in a desiccated, dark environment. Stored properly at sub-zero temperatures, the un-reconstituted peptide remains stable for up to 24 months.
What solvents are recommended for reconstituting AOD-9604 for lab assays?
Common laboratory solvents include sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution, sterile water for injection, or bacteriostatic water (containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol) depending on the requirements of the specific assay protocol.
Why is endotoxin testing necessary for synthetic research peptides?
Bacterial endotoxins can induce inflammatory cytokine cascades in cell culture and animal models. Ensuring endotoxin levels are below 0.01 EU/µg prevents false-positive inflammatory responses during experimentation.
Does AOD-9604 require third-party COA verification per batch?
Yes. Every production lot of AOD-9604 at PX1 Research undergoes third-party verification by an independent ISO 17025 accredited laboratory, generating a lot-specific Certificate of Analysis complete with HPLC and MS spectra.
How does AOD-9604 differ structurally from HGH Frag 176-191?
AOD-9604 contains an added tyrosine residue at the N-terminus of the hGH 177-191 sequence (Tyr-hGH 177-191), whereas HGH Frag 176-191 represents the unmodified 16-amino-acid C-terminal sequence.
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