This analytical reference provides physical chemists and laboratory researchers with detailed technical data regarding Bronchogen melting temperature, thermal decomposition kinetics, and physicochemical characterization. PX1 Research supplies high-purity research-grade Bronchogen backed by lot-specific HPLC/MS verification and rigorous endotoxin control for in vitro and preclinical investigation.
This analytical reference provides physical chemists and laboratory researchers with detailed technical data regarding Bronchogen melting temperature, thermal decomposition kinetics, and physicochemical characterization. PX1 Research supplies high-purity research-grade Bronchogen backed by lot-specific HPLC/MS verification and rigorous endotoxin control for in vitro and preclinical investigation.
Bronchogen (sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu or AEDL) exhibits a solid-state thermal decomposition/melting temperature range typically observed between 225 °C and 235 °C (with decomposition), depending on crystal hydration, counterion salt form (acetate vs. free acid), and heating rate during differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
As a specialized American research peptide supplier, PX1 Research provides analytical-grade Bronchogen synthesized under strict quality control standards. Every production lot undergoes independent ISO 17025 laboratory verification via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to guarantee structural identity, precise molecular weight (446.45 g/mol), and raw material purity exceeding 98%.
Bronchogen is a synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, and L-leucine. Classified within the broader family of short bioregulatory peptides originally conceptualized in biogerontology research, its specific primary structure imparts distinct ionization behaviors and thermal characteristics.
The molecular formula of Bronchogen free base is C18H30N4O9, yielding a calculated monoisotopic mass of 446.2013 Da. Due to the presence of two dicarboxylic amino acid residues (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) alongside one aliphatic amine at the N-terminus, Bronchogen displays an acidic isoelectric point (pI ~3.2–3.6). This polar, hydrophilic profile strongly influences its solid-state packing, hygroscopicity, and glass transition temperature in lyophilized formulations.
When evaluating physical parameters like melting temperature, analytical chemists must account for the solid-state matrix. Lyophilized short peptides rarely exhibit sharp crystalline melting transitions; instead, thermal analysis often reveals a broad endothermic desolvation event followed by thermal decomposition as peptide bonds undergo pyrolytic cleavage at temperatures above 200 °C.
Characterizing the thermal stability of short peptides is vital for establish proper storage parameters and assessing batch-to-batch consistency. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) are standard methods used by analytical laboratories to evaluate the physical state of research compounds.
Under DSC analysis at a heating rate of 10 °C/min under inert nitrogen purge, pure synthetic Bronchogen demonstrates a characteristic thermal profile. An initial broad endothermic event between 50 °C and 105 °C corresponds to the loss of bound interstitial water molecules (desolvation). The main pyrolytic melting/decomposition peak is observed at 228–232 °C. Beyond this threshold, rapid thermal cleavage of the central peptide bonds occurs, yielding volatile degradation fragments.
In solution, thermal degradation kinetics follow distinct pathways. Preclinical studies evaluating aqueous peptide stability indicate that elevated temperatures (>37 °C) accelerate deamidation and diketopiperazine formation, particularly in extreme pH regimes. Consequently, laboratory protocols require storing solid lyophilized cake at -20 °C or lower to prevent thermal degradation over extended periods. Researchers can consult our broader research library for detailed stability protocols across various peptide sequence classes.
In experimental literature, Bronchogen is studied primarily in cell culture systems and animal tissue models focusing on respiratory epithelial function, chromatin remodeling, and gene expression regulation. Preclinical studies suggest that short bioregulatory peptides interact with histone proteins and specific DNA sequences within promoter regions, potentially modulating gene transcription without altering the underlying genomic sequence.
In vitro assays using bronchial epithelial cell lines demonstrate that AEDL peptide exposure influences the expression of cytokeratins and surfactant-associated proteins under oxidative stress conditions. Animal study models evaluating respiratory inflammatory responses have investigated Bronchogen's impact on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (such as TNF-alpha and IL-6) and neutrophil infiltration.
Because all investigations are conducted within controlled experimental frameworks, sourcing ultra-pure material free of bacterial contamination is critical. Microgram-level endotoxin contamination can confound in vitro cytokine assays, producing false-positive inflammatory responses that invalidate experimental data.
Bronchogen belongs to a structural class of short biogenic and synthetic peptides that includes several prominent regulatory sequences. Comparing physical characteristics and target tissue focus helps researchers select the appropriate compound for specific in vitro assays.
For instance, while Bronchogen (AEDL) is predominantly evaluated in bronchial and pulmonary tissue models, Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly or AEDG) is widely studied for its interactions with telomerase activity and pineal gland expression models. Similarly, Vilon (Lys-Glu) is a ultrashort dipeptide evaluated for immune cell modulation and chromatin unwinding dynamics, whereas Thymogen (Glu-Trp) is utilized in T-cell differentiation assays.
Thermally, these short peptides share similar solid-state decomposition ranges (210 °C to 240 °C), driven by the high energy required to break peptide backbones in short-chain amino acid lattices. However, differences in side-chain polarity—such as the hydrophobic leucine residue in Bronchogen versus the glycine in Epitalon—alter aqueous solubility profiles and crystal packing densities during lyophilization. Explore our full catalog of all peptides to compare sequence parameters and analytical specifications.
To maintain structural integrity and prevent thermal or hydrolytic degradation during experiments, laboratory researchers must follow standardized reconstitution procedures:
1. Solvent Selection: Bronchogen is highly soluble in sterile bacteriostatic water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). Due to its acidic pI, it dissolves rapidly without requiring organic co-solvents such as DMSO.
2. Reconstitution Technique: Allow the lyophilized vial to equilibrate to room temperature (18–22 °C) prior to reconstitution to minimize condensation inside the container. Inject the diluent gently against the glass wall of the vial and swirl smoothly; avoid harsh vortexing to prevent foam formation and surface-induced denaturation.
3. Aliquoting and Storage: Once reconstituted, liquid solutions should be divided into single-use laboratory aliquots using sterile microcentrifuge tubes to prevent repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stored liquid aliquots should be kept at -80 °C for long-term storage or 2–8 °C for immediate use within 48 to 72 hours.
For additional methodologies on handling unstable peptide sequences in specialized buffers, review our dedicated technical guide on bronchogen mechanism of action.
When procuring Bronchogen for high-precision analytical or cell-culture research, verifying supplier transparency and analytical validation is vital. Low-quality peptide reagents frequently contain residual synthesis reagents, truncated sequences (such as AED or EDL fragments), and heavy metal traces.
PX1 Research enforces strict quality assurance protocols. Every lot of Bronchogen manufactured in our USA-compliant facilities undergoes rigorous testing by independent ISO 17025 accredited testing laboratories. Our Certificate of Analysis (COA) documentation includes:
- Reverse-Phase HPLC (RP-HPLC): Establishes chemical purity, guaranteeing a minimum of 98.0% main-peak area purity.
- Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS): Confirms exact molecular mass match (446.45 Da theoretical vs. observed [M+H]+ ion at m/z 447.2).
- Microscopic Cake Evaluation: Confirms complete lyophilization without collapse, ensuring optimal thermal stability during transport.
Researchers can inspect authentic lot data and analytical spectra directly through our verified product portals prior to acquiring reagents for institutional protocols.
Bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides or LPS) are outer membrane components of Gram-negative bacteria that readily contaminate peptide synthesis batches if raw materials or purified water systems are compromised. In cell culture and receptor binding assays, trace endotoxins introduce severe experimental artifacts.
At PX1 Research, all research peptides undergo rigorous Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) or recombinant Factor C kinetic chromogenic testing. We enforce strict limits ensuring endotoxin levels remain below 0.01 EU/mg, significantly lower than standard commercial research grade thresholds.
By controlling environmental parameters in GMP-compliant facilities and using ultra-pure water systems, PX1 Research provides researchers with reliable compounds suitable for sensitive cellular studies. Learn more about our manufacturing standards and institutional account services at our wholesale lab portal.
Supply chain disruptions and inconsistent overseas purity are major hurdles for active research projects. PX1 Research addresses these challenges by maintaining 100% US-based synthesis, packaging, and laboratory fulfillment centers located in California and Arizona.
All orders placed before cut-off times ship same-day (Monday through Friday) using temperature-controlled packaging materials designed to maintain product stability during transit. Whether your laboratory requires small-scale microgram quantities for initial screening or bulk gram quantities for long-term multi-center trials, PX1 Research delivers fully trace-verified compounds directly to your facility.
What is the melting temperature of Bronchogen?
Synthetic Bronchogen (AEDL) typically exhibits a thermal decomposition/melting temperature range between 225 °C and 235 °C under differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), accompanied by pyrolytic degradation of the peptide backbone.
What is the molecular weight and sequence of Bronchogen?
Bronchogen is a tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence L-Alanine-L-Glutamic Acid-L-Aspartic Acid-L-Leucine (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu / AEDL). Its calculated molecular mass is 446.45 g/mol.
How should lyophilized Bronchogen be stored in the laboratory?
Lyophilized Bronchogen should be stored at -20 °C or -80 °C in a desiccated container protected from light. Under these conditions, the solid peptide remains stable for up to 24 months.
Why is third-party HPLC and Mass Spectrometry testing necessary for Bronchogen?
HPLC verifies sequence purity and quantifies potential deletion fragments or synthesis impurities, while Mass Spectrometry confirms exact molecular identity. Independent verification guarantees consistent experimental reproducibility across research lots.
What is the recommended endotoxin threshold for Bronchogen in cell culture studies?
For in vitro cell culture models, endotoxin levels should ideally be below 0.05 EU/mg. PX1 Research enforces an industry-leading endotoxin limit of less than 0.01 EU/mg on all research peptides.
Can Bronchogen be reconstituted in standard phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)?
Yes. Bronchogen is highly hydrophilic due to its acidic amino acid residues (Glu and Asp) and dissolves rapidly in sterile PBS (pH 7.4) or sterile bacteriostatic water.
Is Bronchogen intended for human medical use or clinical administration?
No. Bronchogen is supplied strictly as a research chemical for in vitro laboratory research and preclinical animal models. It is not for human or animal consumption, medical diagnosis, or therapeutic use.
Where does PX1 Research ship Bronchogen from?
PX1 Research manufactures and ships all research compounds directly from ISO-compliant fulfillment hubs in California and Arizona, offering same-day dispatch for orders placed Monday through Friday.
All products are sold strictly for laboratory and research use only. Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment or consumption. Statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.