This SS-31 peptide dosage chart outlines standard preclinical laboratory concentrations and animal model mass-based parameters documented in published literature. PX1 Research supplies high-purity SS-31 (Elamipretide) backed by lot-specific HPLC/MS mass spectrometry, quantitative endotoxin testing, and domestic USA manufacturing with same-day shipping from California and Arizona facilities for verified research laboratories.
This SS-31 peptide dosage chart outlines standard preclinical laboratory concentrations and animal model mass-based parameters documented in published literature. PX1 Research supplies high-purity SS-31 (Elamipretide) backed by lot-specific HPLC/MS mass spectrometry, quantitative endotoxin testing, and domestic USA manufacturing with same-day shipping from California and Arizona facilities for verified research laboratories.
SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide or MTP-131) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide designed specifically to target the inner mitochondrial membrane. Preclinical research models utilize precise mass-based dosing (typically expressed in mg/kg for rodent models) or nanomolar-to-micromolar concentrations in cell culture protocols to evaluate mitochondrial function.
In published literature, animal model dosages frequently range from 1.0 mg/kg/day to 10 mg/kg/day depending on whether the study evaluates acute ischemia-reperfusion or chronic metabolic parameters. For in vitro isolated mitochondrial preparations, effective concentrations generally span from 10 nM to 1 µM to optimize cardiolipin interaction without disrupting membrane integrity.
All quantitative dosage calculations depend on accurate reconstitution of lyophilized peptide stock using sterile, endotoxin-free solvents. Researchers looking to replicate published literature must ensure their target compound undergoes strict batch analysis to verify peptide content and biological safety before starting laboratory trials.
SS-31 is a structurally unique tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) engineered with an alternating aromatic-cationic motif. This specialized chemical structure allows the peptide to freely penetrate cell membranes and selectively concentrate within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) independent of mitochondrial membrane potential.
The primary mechanism of action for SS-31 centers on its high-affinity binding to cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid located almost exclusively within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin plays a vital structural role in organizing electron transport chain (ETC) supercomplexes, maintaining cristae curvature, and anchoring cytochrome c.
Preclinical studies indicate that when SS-31 binds to cardiolipin, it prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, stabilizes the tertiary structure of mitochondrial cristae, and optimizes electron flow through Complexes I–IV. Consequently, researchers measure parameters such as improved ATP production rate, reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission, and diminished activation of pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. To explore similar metabolic and bioenergetic compounds, review our complete catalog of research peptides available for lab purchasing.
Translating laboratory literature into active experimental protocols requires evaluating documented dosing vectors across rodent models. The following chart and reference guide summarizes established dosing ranges derived from published peer-reviewed studies examining SS-31 in murine and rat models.
1. Low-Dose Chronic Protocol: 1.0 mg/kg/day administered via continuous subcutaneous mini-pump infusion or daily subcutaneous injection over 4 to 12 weeks. Primary readouts include age-related mitochondrial decay, baseline ATP synthesis efficiency, and systemic oxidative stress markers.
2. Standard Metabolic & Cardiac Protocol: 3.0 mg/kg to 5.0 mg/kg daily. Applied in models investigating cardiomyopathy, renal ischemia-reperfusion, or muscle fatigue. Studies report stabilized mitochondrial bioenergetics and reduced cristae structural disruption at these levels.
3. High-Dose Acute Exposure Protocol: 10.0 mg/kg single dose or short-term multi-dose regimens (administered 30 minutes prior to induced ischemic events). Designed to evaluate acute protection against mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening during severe hypoxia.
When planning animal study protocols, researchers must calculate total daily mass requirements based on the weight of the test cohort. For example, a 250 g laboratory rat receiving a 3.0 mg/kg daily target requires 0.75 mg of active SS-31 per day. Investigating high-throughput cohorts requires sourcing consistent, batch-verified material such as order 10 mg vials of SS-31 to maintain absolute consistency across treatment arms.
In cell culture and isolated organelle experiments, SS-31 dosage is calculated in molar concentrations rather than mass per body weight. Because SS-31 rapidly partitioning into lipid membranes, dose-response assays require precise concentration curves to identify optimal bioenergetic effects.
In vitro assays evaluating primary cardiomyocytes, neuronal cultures, or renal tubular cells typically establish a dose matrix spanning 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 µM, and 10 µM. Studies measuring mitochondrial respiration via Seahorse XF analyzers consistently demonstrate peak enhancement of maximum oxygen consumption rate (OCR) at concentration ranges between 10 nM and 100 nM.
At higher in vitro concentrations (exceeding 50 µM), researchers must monitor for plateau effects or potential detergent-like membrane interactions. For detailed assay protocols and comparative data across mitochondrial-targeted compounds, consult our open-access PX1 research library.
Accurate peptide concentration requires precise mathematical preparation during reconstitution. SS-31 is supplied as a lyophilized powder (typically as an acetate salt) that exhibits high solubility in aqueous buffer solutions.
To reconstitute a standard 10 mg vial of SS-31 for laboratory stock solutions: adding 2.0 mL of sterile bacteriostatic water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) yields a final concentration of 5.0 mg/mL (5.0 µg/µL). To achieve a 1.0 mg/mL working concentration, add 10.0 mL of diluent to a 10 mg sample, or dilute the 5.0 mg/mL stock solution 1:5 in sterile media.
To calculate molar concentrations for in vitro assays, utilize the molecular weight of SS-31 (approximately 640.8 g/mol for the free base). A 1.0 mg/mL stock solution corresponds to approximately 1.56 mM. Diluting 6.41 µL of this stock solution into 10 mL of cell culture media yields a final working concentration of 1.0 µM. Proper handling dictates storing reconstituted aliquots at -20°C or -80°C to preserve peptide stability over multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
When purchasing compounds for cellular or preclinical animal models, overall experimental validity depends directly on peptide purity, correct sequence identity, and low endotoxin levels. Impurities or bacterial endotoxins can induce non-specific inflammatory responses in test subjects, skewing metabolic and oxidative stress data.
The following standardized evaluation criteria outline the quality control metrics required for reliable scientific research:
• Purity Verification: Quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) showing ≥98.0% purity for the target peptide peak, excluding truncated or modified side-products. • Mass Spectrometry: Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) or MALDI-TOF confirming correct exact mass and sequence structure. • Endotoxin Control: Quantitative Chromogenic LAL testing certifying endotoxin levels below 0.05 EU/mg, preventing cell culture toxicity or acute immune activation in animal models. • USA Sourcing & Traceability: Domestic synthesis and processing with clear batch numbers linked directly to lot-specific analytical documentation. • Logistics & Stability: Cold-chain preparation and rapid fulfillment from regional centers to minimize thermal degradation during transport. • Dedicated Support: Technical account management capable of providing raw analytical data files upon laboratory request.
Researchers evaluating mitochondrial modulators should contrast these strict standards against unverified vendors. To compare SS-31 with related metabolic research tools, explore our guides on MOTS-c research protocols and 5-Amino-1MQ mechanisms.
Acquiring peptides from non-accredited vendors introduces severe experimental risks. Researchers must avoid suppliers that fail to publish lot-specific analytical data or present generic certificates of analysis (COAs) lacking raw chromatograms.
Key red flags include vendors offering peptides intended for human consumption, providing dosage guidelines for medical use, or omitting mass spectrometry confirmation. Furthermore, suppliers operating without domestic warehouse infrastructure often subject reagents to extreme temperature fluctuations during international transit, leading to sample degradation.
PX1 Research maintains strict compliance by offering reagents strictly for in vitro and laboratory research. We back every lot with full spectral analysis so researchers can verify purity prior to running critical assays. Laboratories looking to secure large volumes for ongoing projects can access our dedicated wholesale peptide program.
PX1 Research is the premier domestic supplier for high-purity SS-31 (Elamipretide) engineered specifically for rigorous academic, industrial, and preclinical research environments. Each lot undergoes comprehensive testing via third-party RP-HPLC, ESI-MS, and LAL endotoxin assays to ensure maximum experimental reproducibility.
Orders are packaged in protective, temperature-stable vials and dispatched same-day when placed before 3:00 PM EST, Monday through Friday, shipping directly from our primary distribution hubs in California and Arizona. Every shipment includes full access to downloadable, lot-specific COAs directly through our online portal.
To review technical specifications, select vial options, or place an order for your research facility, visit our official product listing to order 10 mg vials of SS-31 today.
What is the standard dosage range in the ss-31 peptide dosage chart for animal models?
In preclinical animal models, published dosages for SS-31 typically range from 1.0 mg/kg/day for chronic low-dose metabolic studies up to 10.0 mg/kg/day for acute ischemia-reperfusion models. Dosing is delivered via daily subcutaneous injections or continuous osmotic mini-pumps.
How do you calculate in vitro SS-31 concentration for cellular assays?
In vitro concentrations are calculated in molar units, typically ranging from 10 nM to 1 µM. A 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of SS-31 corresponds to approximately 1.56 mM. Diluting 6.41 µL of this stock into 10 mL of culture media yields a standard 1.0 µM experimental concentration.
What solvent should be used to reconstitute SS-31 for laboratory use?
SS-31 is highly water-soluble and should be reconstituted using sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). Solvents must be free of bacterial endotoxins to prevent non-specific cellular reactions.
Is SS-31 approved for human use or clinical administration?
No. SS-31 provided by PX1 Research is strictly sold for laboratory research use only (RUO) in preclinical and in vitro environments. It is not intended for human consumption, clinical trials, therapeutic use, or veterinary administration.
How does SS-31 target cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
SS-31 features an alternating aromatic-cationic structure that electrostaticly binds to cardiolipin at the inner mitochondrial membrane. This interaction stabilizes cristae structure, prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, and improves electron transport efficiency.
Does PX1 Research provide lot-specific COAs for SS-31?
Yes. Every lot of SS-31 supplied by PX1 Research includes a comprehensive third-party Certificate of Analysis verifying purity via RP-HPLC, identity via Mass Spectrometry, and safety via quantitative endotoxin assays.
What is the shipping speed for SS-31 orders from PX1 Research?
Orders placed Monday through Friday before 3:00 PM EST ship same-day from our fulfillment facilities in California and Arizona. Packages are shipped using fast, tracked domestic transit vectors.
How should reconstituted SS-31 stock solutions be stored?
Reconstituted SS-31 stock solutions should be divided into single-use aliquots and stored at -20°C or -80°C to prevent degradation. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles to preserve peptide integrity.
What structural role does cardiolipin play in ATP production?
Cardiolipin organizes respiratory chain supercomplexes and anchors cytochrome c within the inner mitochondrial membrane. By preserving cardiolipin integrity, SS-31 supports optimal ATP synthesis rates and reduces electron leakage.
Can SS-31 be co-administered with other mitochondrial research compounds?
In preclinical experimental designs, researchers frequently study SS-31 alongside other bioenergetic modulators such as MOTS-c or NAD+ precursors to evaluate convergent effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular respiration.
All products are sold strictly for laboratory and research use only. Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment or consumption. Statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.