MOTS-C 5mg — Vial Spec, Reconstitution Math & COA
This technical guide provides laboratory researchers with comprehensive specifications, reconstitution protocols, and analytical verification standards for the MOTS-c 5mg vial format. Designed for in vitro cellular assays and preclinical animal models, this document outlines exact dilution mathematics, aliquot preservation strategies, and quality assurance benchmarks. Laboratory professionals can evaluate batch consistency, lot-matched analytical testing, and comparative mitochondrial research targets to optimize protocol accuracy.
Quick answer
This technical guide provides laboratory researchers with comprehensive specifications, reconstitution protocols, and analytical verification standards for the MOTS-c 5mg vial format. Designed for in vitro cellular assays and preclinical animal models, this document outlines exact dilution mathematics, aliquot preservation strategies, and quality assurance benchmarks. Laboratory professionals can evaluate batch consistency, lot-matched analytical testing, and comparative mitochondrial research targets to optimize protocol accuracy.
Key takeaways
- The 5mg vial format of [MOTS-c](/research-peptides/mots-c) (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c) provides a standardized quantity of high-purity lyophilized peptide specifically targeted for moderate-scale in vitro assays and preclinical animal protocols.
- Preclinical investigations demonstrate that [MOTS-c](/research-peptides/mots-c) functions as a signaling molecule active in cellular metabolic regulation, nuclear gene expression modulation, and stress response mechanisms.
- Accurate reconstitution of a 5mg (5,000 mcg) [MOTS-c](/research-peptides/mots-c) vial requires precise calculation of diluent volume relative to desired final working concentration.
- To preserve structural integrity and prevent degradation caused by repeated freeze-thaw cycles, reconstituted [MOTS-c](/research-peptides/mots-c) stock solution must be systematically aliquoted into single-use low-binding polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes.
Overview of MOTS-c 5mg Specifications & Laboratory Use Cases
The 5mg vial format of MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c) provides a standardized quantity of high-purity lyophilized peptide specifically targeted for moderate-scale in vitro assays and preclinical animal protocols. MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome rather than nuclear DNA. The 5mg mass allocation allows research teams to establish precise working concentrations without necessitating repeated unsealing of larger stock containers, thereby mitigating environmental exposure and enzymatic degradation risk during longitudinal studies.
Researchers evaluating mitochondrial signally pathways, cellular energy homeostasis, and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) signaling frequently select the 5mg packaging format to execute defined treatment series across cell culture arrays or multi-subject rodent groups. When ordering through PX1 Research, labs access high-grade synthesized peptides manufactured in GMP-compliant, USA-based facilities. If your protocol requires alternate mass options or customized bulk fills beyond standard catalog offerings such as our core MOTS-c reference material, our specialized manufacturing pipeline supports verified custom unit runs.
Biological Mechanism & Preclinical Research Horizons
Preclinical investigations demonstrate that MOTS-c functions as a signaling molecule active in cellular metabolic regulation, nuclear gene expression modulation, and stress response mechanisms. Originating from the short open reading frame of mitochondrial 12S rRNA, MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress conditions, where it interacts with specific response elements to regulate nuclear gene expression. In vitro models reveal that MOTS-c activation promotes AMPK phosphorylation, leading to enhanced glucose uptake and modulation of lipid oxidation pathways independent of classical insulin receptor binding.
In rodent models of metabolic challenge and exercise capacity research, exogenous administration of synthetic MOTS-c has been observed to alter systemic energy utilization, preserve skeletal muscle metabolic plasticity, and influence systemic insulin sensitivity markers. Preclinical data indicate that the peptide acts directly on skeletal muscle tissue and adipocytes, regulating folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism and purine biosynthesis. Researchers investigating mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome phenotypes, and physical performance thresholds utilize purified MOTS-c to dissect these multi-organ signaling cascades.
Reconstitution Mathematics for 5mg Lyophilized Vials
Accurate reconstitution of a 5mg (5,000 mcg) MOTS-c vial requires precise calculation of diluent volume relative to desired final working concentration. Researchers typically utilize sterile Bacteriostatic Water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) for multi-dose laboratory storage or sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride / Water for Injection (WFI) for immediate in vitro cell culture application. To simplify concentration determination, researchers can utilize our automated reconstitution calculator to eliminate unit conversion errors.
When adding 1.0 mL of diluent to a 5mg vial, the resulting stock concentration is exactly 5.0 mg/mL (5,000 mcg/mL, or 5.0 mcg/µL). Adding 2.0 mL of diluent yields a stock concentration of 2.5 mg/mL (2,500 mcg/mL, or 2.5 mcg/µL). For protocols requiring lower stock concentrations or larger volumetric pipetting allowances, adding 3.0 mL of diluent results in a concentration of approximately 1.67 mg/mL (1,666.67 mcg/mL, or 1.67 mcg/µL). Diluent should be introduced along the glass wall of the vial, followed by gentle swirling without aggressive agitation to prevent peptide shear or foam formation.
Aliquot Planning & Storage Protocols
To preserve structural integrity and prevent degradation caused by repeated freeze-thaw cycles, reconstituted MOTS-c stock solution must be systematically aliquoted into single-use low-binding polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes. Freeze-thaw cycles induce ice crystal formation and local pH shifts that can cause peptide aggregation or peptide bond cleavage, rendering quantitative assay data invalid. Aliquots should be sized to match the specific volumetric requirements of daily experimental procedures.
Lyophilized MOTS-c 5mg vials should be stored at -20°C to -80°C in a desiccated environment upon arrival, where they remain stable for extended periods. Once reconstituted, stock solutions held at 2°C to 8°C should be utilized within 14 to 21 days if prepared with bacteriostatic diluent. Reconstituted aliquots stored at -80°C maintain chemical stability for up to 6 months. Exposure to direct ambient light and heat must be avoided at all stages of handling.
Analytical Verification & Lot-Matched Certificates of Analysis
PX1 Research enforces strict analytical standard operating procedures to ensure every peptide lot meets ultra-pure research specifications. Every batch of MOTS-c undergoes rigorous verification using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to establish chemical purity and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to confirm exact molecular weight and amino acid sequence fidelity. Our quality criteria mandate a minimum HPLC purity threshold of ≥98.0%.
Additionally, bacterial endotoxin testing via Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay is performed to confirm endotoxin levels remain below strict limits (<0.01 EU/mg), ensuring compatibility with sensitive cell cultures and in vivo animal models. Researchers can independently download public, lot-matched test documentation directly from our COA directory to verify total peak area, main fraction purity, and mass verification prior to initiating experimental trials.
Comparative Analysis: MOTS-c vs. Related Mitochondrial & Metabolic Peptides
When designing metabolic regulation and cellular endurance experiments, researchers often compare MOTS-c to other compounds within the mitochondrial-derived and metabolic peptide classes. While MOTS-c primarily regulates nuclear gene transcription under stress via AMPK activation, Humanin—another prominent mitochondrial-derived peptide—acts predominantly via anti-apoptotic signaling pathways and cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Both compounds originate from the mitochondrial genome but demonstrate distinct receptor binding profiles and downstream transcriptomic impacts.
In contrast, small-molecule and non-mitochondrial agents target separate pathways within exercise capacity and metabolic research models. For instance, SS-31 (Elamipretide) binds selectively to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane to optimize electron transport chain efficiency, while metabolic enzymes are directly targeted by small-molecule modulators like 5-Amino-1MQ, which inhibits NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase). Reviewing the full scope of compounds available across all research peptides allows research teams to select complimentary targets for multi-pathway investigation.
Selecting the Optimal Quantity: 5mg vs. Alternate Vial Formats
Determining whether a 5mg vial format or an alternative mass allocation is optimal depends on trial duration, subject sample size, and target concentration requirements. The 5mg format represents a highly flexible midpoint for pilot studies, high-throughput in vitro screens, or small-cohort rodent experiments. It minimizes material waste while ensuring sufficient quantity to complete multi-well dosing matrices from a single verified batch.
For high-volume laboratories conducting longitudinal animal research or systemic dosing studies requiring grams or multi-vial series, sourcing larger production runs ensures minimal batch-to-batch variation across extended protocol timelines. Research institutions requiring customized fill sizes or high-volume procurement schedules can establish verified supply lines through our dedicated wholesale lab accounts framework, securing consistent access to high-purity research materials.
PX1 Research Quality Assurance & USA Supply Chain Infrastructure
PX1 Research operates as a premier American supplier of synthesized research peptides, utilizing ISO 17025 accredited testing facilities and state-of-the-art solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) platforms. By controlling synthesis, purification, lyophilization, and analytical packaging within USA-based, GMP-compliant environments, PX1 eliminates contamination risks associated with unverified overseas distributors.
All orders ship directly from centralized fulfillment centers located in California and Arizona. Orders processed Monday through Friday prior to regional cut-off times are dispatched same-day, arriving in heavy-duty temperature-controlled packaging designed to preserve peptide structural integrity during transport. Explore our centralized research library hub to access protocol guidelines, technical data sheets, and analytical documentation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the physical state and chemical appearance of MOTS-c 5mg upon delivery?
MOTS-c 5mg is delivered as a sterile, lyophilized (freeze-dried) white to off-white solid cake sealed in a clear glass vial under vacuum or inert gas atmosphere. Reconstitution with appropriate liquid diluent is required prior to laboratory application.
What is the recommended diluent for reconstituting MOTS-c 5mg for cell culture assays?
For in vitro cell culture protocols requiring sterile, preservative-free solutions, sterile Water for Injection (WFI) or sterile 0.9% Normal Saline is recommended. For multi-use laboratory storage, sterile Bacteriostatic Water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) is typically preferred to inhibit microbial growth.
How is the concentration of MOTS-c 5mg verified per batch?
Each batch of MOTS-c undergoes High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to establish analytical purity (≥98%) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to verify precise molecular weight. Results are compiled into a lot-matched Certificate of Analysis (COA).
What are the endotoxin limits for PX1 Research MOTS-c 5mg vials?
Every lot of MOTS-c is tested for bacterial endotoxins using validated LAL assay methods, ensuring endotoxin content remains strictly below <0.01 EU/mg to prevent confounding immune or inflammatory responses in preclinical models.
How should reconstituted MOTS-c 5mg stock solutions be stored long-term?
Once reconstituted, stock solutions should be divided into single-use aliquots in sterile, low-binding microcentrifuge tubes and stored at -80°C. This practice prevents degradation caused by repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
What is the exact molecular sequence and length of MOTS-c?
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide with the primary sequence Met-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Met-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR). It is derived from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene.
Can MOTS-c 5mg be ordered in custom bulk quantities or alternate fill sizes?
Yes. While the standard 5mg vial format suits moderate-scale experimental designs, PX1 Research provides institutional accounts with custom fill sizes, bulk synthesis runs, and multi-vial configurations through our wholesale lab portal.
What is the shipping timeframe for MOTS-c 5mg orders within the USA?
Orders placed Monday through Friday before cut-off times ship same-day from distribution centers in California and Arizona. Packages are dispatched via expedited carrier service with temperature-stable protective insulation.
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All products are sold strictly for laboratory and research use only. Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment or consumption. Statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.