Ss 31 Peptide Buy
When seeking to buy SS-31 peptide for laboratory experimentation, principal investigators require high-purity, analytical-grade material backed by rigorous quality documentation. PX1 Research supplies USA-manufactured, research-grade SS-31 (Elamipretide) verified via lot-specific RP-HPLC and ESI-MS testing to exceed 98% purity with strict endotoxin controls. All orders ship directly from domestic facilities with complete Certificate of Analysis documentation for in vitro and preclinical research protocols.
Quick answer
When seeking to buy SS-31 peptide for laboratory experimentation, principal investigators require high-purity, analytical-grade material backed by rigorous quality documentation. PX1 Research supplies USA-manufactured, research-grade SS-31 (Elamipretide) verified via lot-specific RP-HPLC and ESI-MS testing to exceed 98% purity with strict endotoxin controls. All orders ship directly from domestic facilities with complete Certificate of Analysis documentation for in vitro and preclinical research protocols.
Key takeaways
- Procuring high-purity [SS-31 peptide](/product/ss-31) for biomedical research requires evaluating suppliers based on strict analytical parameters rather than consumer-facing claims.
- [SS-31](/research-peptides/ss-31) is a novel, aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide with the chemical sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 (where Dmt represents 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine).
- The defining biophysical characteristic of [SS-31](/research-peptides/ss-31) is its selective, high-affinity binding to cardiolipin, an anionic phospholipid found almost exclusively within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM).
- A substantial body of literature documents the utility of [SS-31](/research-peptides/ss-31) across diverse cellular and animal models of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative pathology.
Procurement Overview: Buying Research-Grade SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Procuring high-purity SS-31 peptide for biomedical research requires evaluating suppliers based on strict analytical parameters rather than consumer-facing claims. SS-31, also designated as Elamipretide or Szeto-Schiller 31, is a synthetic tetrapeptide specifically designed to target the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because cellular energetics and organelle integrity are sensitive to minute chemical impurities, investigators buying SS-31 must ensure their material is free from synthesis byproducts, residual trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and bacterial endotoxins.
At PX1 Research, we provide researchers with fully documented research peptides synthesized in domestic, ISO 17025-accredited facilities. Every production batch undergoes independent third-party testing to establish exact peptide content, identity, and purity prior to distribution. For laboratories conducting high-throughput cell culture assays or animal model investigations, securing stable, standardized reagents is essential for reproducible experimental outcomes.
Chemical Structure and Molecular Properties of SS-31
SS-31 is a novel, aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide with the chemical sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 (where Dmt represents 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine). Its unique chemical architecture features alternating basic amino acid residues and aromatic residues, yielding a net positive charge of +3 at physiological pH. Unlike traditional lipophilic cations, SS-31 does not depend on a transmembrane potential to cross lipid bilayers, allowing it to rapidly concentrate across cell membranes.
The molecular weight of SS-31 is approximately 639.8 g/mol in its free base form, though it is routinely supplied as a lyophilized acetate or TFA salt to preserve stability. The presence of the D-amino acid residue (D-arginine) at the N-terminus enhances structural resistance against endogenous aminopeptidases and serum proteases during in vitro assays. The inclusion of 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine provides intrinsic antioxidant scavenging activity within localized microenvironments.
Primary Mechanism of Action: Cardiolipin Interaction and Inner Membrane Energetics
The defining biophysical characteristic of SS-31 is its selective, high-affinity binding to cardiolipin, an anionic phospholipid found almost exclusively within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Preclinical studies indicate that cardiolipin plays a structural role in organizing electron transport chain (ETC) complexes into functional supercomplexes (respirasomes) and anchoring cytochrome c to the membrane matrix.
Under conditions of oxidative stress or ischemia, cardiolipin undergoes peroxidation, destabilizing the IMM, impairing oxidative phosphorylation, and triggering the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In vitro models demonstrate that SS-31 electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions allow it to insert into the cardiolipin headgroup domain. This binding prevents lipid peroxidation, preserves cristae architecture, optimizes ATP synthase activity, and reduces excessive electron leakage from Complexes I and III.
Preclinical Literature Review: In Vitro and Animal Model Findings
A substantial body of literature documents the utility of SS-31 across diverse cellular and animal models of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative pathology. In rodent models of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, administration of SS-31 prior to or during reperfusion demonstrated significant preservation of mitochondrial structure, attenuated tubular cell apoptosis, and suppressed proinflammatory chemokine expression.
In experimental models of age-related cardiac dysfunction, preclinical investigations revealed that long-term SS-31 treatment restored mitochondrial bioenergetics, decreased excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and improved diastolic function. Furthermore, neuronal cell culture assays indicate that SS-31 protects against amyloid-beta-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and synaptic loss, offering a robust pharmacological tool for investigating cellular resilience in neurobiology research.
Comparative Analysis: SS-31 vs. Other Mitochondrial Research Compounds
When designing mitochondrial target experiments, researchers often compare SS-31 against other metabolic regulation peptides and cofactors, such as MOTS-c, Humanin, and cellular coenzymes like NAD+. While all these agents modulate cellular metabolism, their primary pharmacological targets and biophysical pathways differ significantly.
SS-31 acts directly on membrane lipid architecture by binding cardiolipin within the IMM, acting as an immediate structural and bioenergetic stabilizer. Conversely, MOTS-c is a mitochondria-derived peptide that translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress to regulate nuclear gene expression and metabolic homeostasis. Humanin acts predominantly as a cytoprotective signal suppressing apoptotic cascades, whereas NAD+ serves as a direct metabolic substrate for sirtuins and PARP enzymes. For protocols requiring direct membrane-level preservation and localized ROS reduction, SS-31 represents a unique experimental candidate.
Quality Verification: Analytical Standards for SS-31 Procurement
Because synthetic peptide impurities can alter cellular respiration measurements and interfere with fluorometric assays, analytical validation is a critical step when deciding where to buy SS-31 peptide. Commercial peptides synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) must undergo rigorous purification steps to eliminate truncated sequences, deletion peptides, and organic solvent residues.
At PX1 Research, every batch of SS-31 is subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). RP-HPLC establishes chromatographic purity—guaranteed at or above 98%—while mass spectrometry confirms exact monoisotopic mass and sequence identity. Researchers can review batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) documents directly on our platform prior to purchase, ensuring full traceability and experimental consistency.
Reconstitution Protocol and Solubilization Mechanics for Laboratory Use
SS-31 is provided as a sterile, lyophilized powder sealed under inert gas. Proper reconstitution protocols are vital to maintain peptide integrity and prevent premature aggregation or hydrolysis during laboratory storage. Investigators should allow the vial to equilibrate to room temperature before reconstitution to minimize atmospheric moisture condensation inside the container.
For standard cell culture or enzymatic assays, SS-31 should be reconstituted using sterile, bacteriostatic water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). Gentle agitation or light swirling is recommended; aggressive vortexing should be avoided as it can introduce shear stress and induce protein aggregation. For sensitive in vitro experiments, stock solutions should be aliquoted into single-use polypropylene microtubes to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage, Stability, and Handling Guidelines
In its original lyophilized state, research-grade SS-31 remains stable for extended periods when stored at -20°C or -80°C, protected from light and ambient humidity. Under desiccated conditions at -20°C, shelf life typically exceeds 24 months without measurable degradation of the active compound.
Once reconstituted into aqueous solutions, working stock aliquots should be maintained at -80°C for long-term storage or 4°C for short-term experimentation (up to 7 days). Researchers conducting controlled animal model administration or cell assays must handle all preparations under aseptic conditions in a laminar flow hood to eliminate micro-organism contamination.
Endotoxin Testing and Micro-organism Control Standards
Bacterial endotoxins—specifically lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Gram-negative cell walls—are potent immunostimulants that trigger Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in vitro and in vivo. When buying SS-31 for cell culture or preclinical animal work, unintended endotoxin contamination can confound experimental data, causing false-positive inflammatory responses.
PX1 Research enforces stringent endotoxin limits on all research compounds. Using standardized Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) or recombinant Factor C assays, our SS-31 lots are validated to contain <0.01 EU/mg of endotoxin. This rigorous quality control ensures that observed cellular responses are attributable strictly to the peptide's interaction with cardiolipin, rather than background immunogenic contaminants.
Institutional Sourcing and Domestic Manufacturing at PX1 Research
Securing a dependable supply chain is essential for long-term laboratory initiatives and multi-phase research studies. Sourcing peptides from overseas distributors often introduces regulatory delays, batch-to-batch variation, and unverified quality documentation. PX1 Research operates state-of-the-art domestic facilities in California and Arizona, providing immediate dispatch and consistent product availability.
Whether purchasing single vials for exploratory research or placing bulk institutional orders, research organizations receive full lot traceability, dedicated technical support, and standard same-day shipping (Monday–Friday). By maintaining strict GMP-compliant manufacturing procedures and comprehensive analytical verification, PX1 Research stands as the premier USA supplier for laboratory-grade SS-31.
Frequently Asked Questions
What purity level is required when buying SS-31 peptide for research?
For reliable cellular and animal studies, SS-31 should possess a minimum purity of 98% as verified by Reverse-Phase HPLC. Lower purity grades may contain synthesis byproducts or truncated peptides that interfere with mitochondrial assay outcomes.
How is the identity of SS-31 verified analytically?
Identity is confirmed using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) to verify the expected molecular weight (approx. 639.8 g/mol free base) alongside RP-HPLC retention time matching against reference standards.
What solvents are suitable for reconstituting SS-31 in the lab?
SS-31 is highly water-soluble due to its cationic basic residues. It readily dissolves in sterile laboratory-grade water, normal saline (0.9% NaCl), or standard phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4).
What are the recommended storage temperatures for lyophilized SS-31?
Lyophilized SS-31 should be stored at -20°C or -80°C in a desiccated environment protected from light. Under these conditions, the peptide remains stable for up to two years.
Why is endotoxin testing critical when procuring SS-31?
Endotoxins induce inflammatory signaling through TLR4 pathways in primary cell lines and animal models. Ensuring endotoxin levels are below 0.01 EU/mg prevents confounding inflammatory noise in bioenergetic assays.
Can SS-31 be subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles?
Repeated freeze-thaw cycles degrade peptide bonds and accelerate physical instability. Reconstituted stock solutions should be aliquoted into single-use microcentrifuge tubes before freezing.
What secondary peptides belong to the mitochondrial research class?
Mitochondrial research peptides include SS-31, MOTS-c, and Humanin. While SS-31 targets cardiolipin directly, MOTS-c and Humanin modulate gene expression and cell survival signaling pathways.
Does PX1 Research supply batch-specific COAs with SS-31 orders?
Yes. Every shipment of SS-31 includes access to a lot-specific Certificate of Analysis detailing HPLC purity chromatograms, mass spectrometry profiles, and endotoxin assay data.
Related pages
All products are sold strictly for laboratory and research use only. Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment or consumption. Statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.