SS-31 2mg — Vial Spec, Reconstitution Math & COA

Q: What diluent is recommended for reconstituting SS-31 for cell culture assays?

Sterile Bacteriostatic Water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) or sterile endotoxin-free 0.9% Sodium Chloride (saline) are standard diluents depending on whether the assay tolerates preservative agents.

Q: Does PX1 Research offer SS-31 in sizes other than 2mg?

Yes, PX1 Research primary stocks SS-31 in standard 10mg mass formats, as well as bulk options for institutional lab accounts. Check current catalog inventory for real-time availability.

Q: What is the primary preclinical mechanism of SS-31?

Preclinical studies show that SS-31 selectively targets and binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, reducing ROS generation, and supporting ATP synthesis.

Q: How does SS-31 differ from MOTS-c in laboratory models?

SS-31 acts directly on cardiolipin within the inner mitochondrial membrane to optimize electron transport integrity, whereas MOTS-c acts as a nuclear-translocating signaling peptide involved in systemic metabolic regulation.

Q: Can SS-31 be used for human or veterinary administration?

No. SS-31 provided by PX1 Research is strictly a research compound intended exclusively for in vitro and preclinical laboratory experimentation. It is not for clinical, human, or veterinary use.

A 2mg vial of SS-31 (Elamipretide) provides a precise, small-quantity unit engineered specifically for low-volume benchtop screening, pilot cell culture assays, or method development where reagent waste must be minimized. Laboratory researchers frequently choose the 2mg presentation to evaluate target binding or mitochondrial membrane mechanics before scaling up to larger mass formats. PX1 Research supplies high-purity research peptides backed by rigorous analytical verification to ensure absolute reproducibility across every experimental protocol.

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Key takeaways

The [SS-31](/research-peptides/ss-31) 2mg mass format consists of a vacuum-sealed glass vial containing 2 milligrams of lyophilized Elamipretide acetate synthesized as a highly purified single-peptide chain.
Accurate reconstitution math is critical when preparing lyophilized peptides for volumetric micro-pipetting into culture media or analytical instruments.
To preserve the structural integrity of reconstituted [SS-31](/research-peptides/ss-31), laboratory workflows must prevent repeated temperature fluctuations.
Every production lot of [SS-31](/research-peptides/ss-31) supplied by PX1 Research undergoes stringent third-party testing in an independent ISO 17025 accredited laboratory.

SS-31 2mg Mass Overview and Format Availability

The SS-31 2mg mass format consists of a vacuum-sealed glass vial containing 2 milligrams of lyophilized Elamipretide acetate synthesized as a highly purified single-peptide chain. In laboratory settings, this specific mass parameter allows investigators to prepare low-volume working solutions without subject material undergoing multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Principal investigators running preliminary dose-response assays or single-plate in vitro setups frequently elect to utilize 2mg vials to optimize reagent usage and maintain strict concentration controls.

It is important to note that while the 2mg format is widely referenced in pilot protocol literature, PX1 Research maintains flexible catalog inventory. If the exact 2mg unit is transiently out of stock or reserved for custom packaging, researchers can seamlessly scale their calculations using our standard SS-31 10mg format or consult our catalog of all research peptides. Regardless of total vial mass, the chemical identity, sequence structure (D-Arg-2',6'-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2), and analytical purity standards remain identical across all PX1 Research manufacturing runs.

Reconstitution Mathematics for 2mg SS-31 Vials

Accurate reconstitution math is critical when preparing lyophilized peptides for volumetric micro-pipetting into culture media or analytical instruments. When dissolving a 2mg (2,000 micrograms) solid cake of SS-31, the resulting concentration is directly dictated by the volume of diluent added (typically sterile Bacteriostatic Water or phosphate-buffered saline). Researchers can verify these conversions using our integrated reconstitution calculator to eliminate manual calculation errors during preparation.

Adding 1.0 mL of reconstituting solvent yields a final concentration of 2.0 mg/mL (2,000 µg/mL), which translates to exactly 2.0 µg per microliter (µL). If a volume of 2.0 mL diluent is introduced, the resulting solution strength becomes 1.0 mg/mL (1,000 µg/mL), or 1.0 µg/µL. Adding 3.0 mL of diluent produces a diluted concentration of approximately 0.667 mg/mL (666.7 µg/mL), corresponding to 0.667 µg/µL. Establishing these exact concentration metrics enables precise volumetric delivery across 96-well microplates and automated liquid handlers.

Aliquot Planning and Solution Handling Protocols

To preserve the structural integrity of reconstituted SS-31, laboratory workflows must prevent repeated temperature fluctuations. Once the lyophilized cake is fully dissolved, the solution should be divided into single-use micro-aliquots using sterile polypropylene tubes. Working with small 2mg fills naturally limits excess liquid volume, making it easier to prepare discrete 50 µL or 100 µL working aliquots that match daily assay requirements.

Aliquoted solutions intended for immediate experimental use within 24 to 48 hours should be kept refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C. For longer-term storage exceeding two days, aliquots must be frozen immediately at -20°C or -80°C. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles cause physical shear stress and localized concentration changes, leading to peptide aggregation or chemical degradation that can compromise experimental repeatability.

Analytical Certificate of Analysis (COA) Verification

Every production lot of SS-31 supplied by PX1 Research undergoes stringent third-party testing in an independent ISO 17025 accredited laboratory. Quality control procedures verify chemical identity, net peptide content, and purity levels prior to release. Every shipment is linked to a lot-matched certificate of analysis, which researchers can inspect directly on our COA lookup page.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is employed to confirm chemical purity, maintaining a strict baseline standard of ≥98.0%. Mass Spectrometry (MS) is simultaneously performed to verify the exact molecular mass (639.8 g/mol) and peptide sequence. Additionally, all lots are subjected to chromogenic LAL assays to ensure endotoxin levels remain below 0.1 EU/mg, preventing confounding inflammatory responses in cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential assays.

SS-31 Molecular Mechanism in Preclinical Models

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a tetrapeptide structurally designed to interact specifically with cardiolipin, an essential polyunsaturated phospholipid concentrated exclusively within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Preclinical in vitro models demonstrate that SS-31 penetrates cell membranes independently of membrane potential, selectively binding to cardiolipin through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. This binding helps stabilize cardiolipin microdomains and preserves cristae architecture under conditions of severe oxidative stress.

In cell-free and rodent tissue homogenate assays, SS-31 binding prevents cardiolipin from undergoing peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation, thereby optimizing electron transport chain efficiency. In vitro data indicate that this structural stabilization inhibits electron leakage at Complex I and Complex III, reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while supporting efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. These fundamental mechanism findings make SS-31 a core focus in mitochondrial research peptides.

Comparative Analysis: SS-31 vs. MOTS-c vs. Humanin

When designing mitochondrial target experiments, investigators frequently compare SS-31 against other key mitochondrial-derived peptides to evaluate distinct signaling cascades. While SS-31 directly interacts with inner membrane lipids to protect structural integrity and reduce ROS production, compounds like MOTS-c function primary as metabolic regulators that translocate to the nucleus during metabolic stress to activate AMPK pathways. Similarly, Humanin acts through extracellular receptors and intracellular pathways to inhibit apoptotic signaling pathways, offering a cytoprotective profile distinct from direct cardiolipin restoration.

Understanding these mechanistic divergences allows researchers to structure comparative or combination screens. While SS-31 provides physical stabilization to electron transport structures, nuclear-encoded mitochondrial signaling peptides adjust broader cellular energy transcription. Accessing fully documented compounds across these classes through our research library hub ensures that multi-targeted metabolic studies maintain rigorous control standards.

Storage and Stability Specifications

Lyophilized SS-31 2mg vials should be stored upon arrival at -20°C in a desiccated, dark environment to ensure maximum stability. Under these conditions, the un-reconstituted peptide retains its specified chemical purity for up to 24 months. Desiccation prevents moisture absorption, which can trigger hydrolytic degradation of the peptide bonds even at sub-zero temperatures.

Prior to reconstitution, the sealed vial should be allowed to equilibrate to room temperature (18°C to 22°C) for approximately 30 minutes. Adding cold diluent to a cold vial can induce condensation inside the glass, altering concentration precision. Once reconstituted, solutions exposed to light or ambient room temperatures degrade rapidly; therefore, all working aliquots must be shielded from light using amber microcentrifuge tubes or foil wrappings.

Selecting Between 2mg and 10mg Vial Configurations

Choosing between a 2mg vial and a 10mg vial depends primarily on the throughput and duration of the planned experimental protocol. The 2mg vial format is optimal for single-day screening protocols, initial concentration-curve calibrations, or setups requiring highly localized reagent application where minimal reconstituted volume is needed. This reduces solution age and eliminates long-term storage risks.

Conversely, laboratories conducting extensive multi-week animal studies, high-throughput microplate screens, or automated flow assays generally prefer 10mg vials or dedicated wholesale lab accounts to reduce per-milligram costs and maintain uniformity across large reagent batches. Regardless of format selection, calculating total required mass before reconstitution ensures consistent stock solution management across all study phases.

PX1 Research Quality Standard and Logistics Compliance

PX1 Research operates strictly within USA-manufactured, GMP-compliant facilities to produce research-grade peptides that satisfy demanding academic and industrial laboratory standards. Every stage of synthesis, purification, lyophiliation, and vial filling is controlled to avoid cross-contamination and preserve molecular stability. Our quality commitment guarantees that all products are strictly for in vitro and preclinical laboratory research use only.

To support rigorous research timelines, PX1 Research provides same-day dispatch for orders placed Monday through Friday before cut-off times, shipping directly from our primary distribution hubs in California and Arizona. Fast, temperature-controlled logistics ensure that sensitive peptide products reach your laboratory bench without exposure to degrading thermal extremes.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the concentration of a 2mg SS-31 vial reconstituted with 2mL of diluent?

Reconstituting a 2mg vial of SS-31 with 2.0 mL of diluent produces a final concentration of 1.0 mg/mL (1,000 µg/mL), which equals exactly 1.0 µg per microliter (µL).

How should reconstituted SS-31 2mg solutions be stored?

Reconstituted SS-31 should be divided into single-use micro-aliquots and stored at -20°C or -80°C. For immediate experimental use within 24–48 hours, aliquots may be stored refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C.

What analytical tests are provided on the SS-31 COA?

Each lot-matched COA provides HPLC purity analysis (≥98%), Mass Spectrometry (MS) identity verification matching the target molecular weight, and chromogenic LAL endotoxin testing (<0.1 EU/mg).

What diluent is recommended for reconstituting SS-31 for cell culture assays?