Ss-31 Peptide For Sale

Overview of SS-31 (Elamipretide) in Preclinical Research

SS-31, chemically known as D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 and frequently designated as Elamipretide or Szeto-Schiller 31, is a small, cell-permeable synthetic tetrapeptide engineered specifically to target the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Distinct from standard antioxidants or systemic metabolic modifiers, SS-31 concentrates several hundred-fold within the mitochondrial matrix and IMM due to its unique structural charge distribution and hydrophobic properties.

Investigators interested in bioenergetics, cellular aging, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative cascades frequently evaluate SS-31 peptide for sale to explore its ability to maintain mitochondrial structural integrity under conditions of severe oxidative stress. Because mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in metabolic collapse, SS-31 serves as a fundamental research compound in laboratories assessing electron transport chain efficiency, reactive oxygen species (ROS) mitigation, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis.

As part of the expanding catalog of high-purity research peptides provided by PX1 Research, SS-31 is supplied exclusively for in vitro cell culture, isolated organelle assays, and preclinical animal models. It is not formulated or approved for human clinical use, veterinary therapy, or diagnostic applications.

Molecular Structure and Chemical Characteristics

The primary sequence of SS-31 consists of alternating aromatic residues and basic amino acids: D-arginine, 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine (Dmt), L-lysine, and L-phenylalanine, terminated with a C-terminal carboxamide. The incorporation of a D-amino acid (D-Arg) and a sterically hindered unnatural amino acid (Dmt) imparts exceptional resistance against ubiquitous plasma and tissue peptidases, significantly increasing its half-life during preclinical in vivo and ex vivo evaluations.

With a molecular weight of approximately 639.8 g/mol and a net positive charge of +3 at physiological pH, SS-31 possesses a balanced amphipathic structure. Unlike conventional lipophilic cations (such as triphenylphosphonium derivatives), SS-31 does not rely on a steep mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) to accumulate inside the inner membrane. Instead, its uptake is driven by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions directly with membrane phospholipids.

This structural property prevents SS-31 from causing membrane depolarization or uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, even at elevated concentrations in cell culture media. Researchers analyzing structural biochemistry can consult our comprehensive research library for detailed sequence comparisons and structural activity relationships among targeted mitochondrial ligands.

Primary Mechanism of Action: Cardiolipin Interaction

The primary molecular target of SS-31 is cardiolipin, a unique tetra-acyl phospholipid localized almost exclusively within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin plays a vital structural role in organizing the electron transport chain (ETC) proteins into functional supercomplexes (respirasomes), stabilizing ATP synthase (Complex V), and anchoring cytochrome c to the inner membrane.

Under conditions of heightened oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species induce cardiolipin peroxidation. Peroxidized cardiolipin loses its structural affinity for cytochrome c, causing cytochrome c detachment, disruption of electron flow across Complexes I–IV, increased ROS leakage, and ultimate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). In vitro data indicate that SS-31 binds selectively to cardiolipin through combined electrostatic attraction to cardiolipin's phosphate headgroups and hydrophobic insertion into its fatty acyl chains.

By binding to cardiolipin, SS-31 inhibits the peroxidase activity of the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex, preserving the structural architecture of the inner membrane. Preclinical studies suggest that this interaction prevents mitochondrial swelling, mitigates structural disruption of cristae, and maintains efficient electron transfer, thereby reducing secondary ROS generation without interfering with baseline signaling ROS essential for cellular homeostasis.

Preclinical Research Scope: Mitochondrial Energetics and ROS Mitigation

In vitro and animal models utilizing SS-31 have provided extensive data regarding its protective effects across diverse tissue types undergoing metabolic stress. In cellular models of ischemia-reperfusion, exposure to SS-31 prior to or during hypoxia-reoxygenation significantly attenuates cell death pathways, preserves cellular ATP pools, and suppresses the burst of ROS typically generated upon reoxygenation.

In rodent models evaluating microvascular dysfunction, diabetic nephropathy, and neurodegenerative conditions, administration of SS-31 has demonstrated notable preservation of mitochondrial respiration rates, reduced accumulation of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal (markers of lipid peroxidation), and improved organ dynamic performance. Researchers examining comparative signaling mechanisms often cross-reference SS-31 data with findings from studies on tissue repair models, such as those evaluated in BPC-157 research protocols.

Additionally, non-human primate and rodent studies focusing on age-related mitochondrial decay demonstrate that SS-31 can rapidly restore youthful mitochondrial ultrastructure, re-establish cristae density, and elevate the maximum respiratory capacity of isolated skeletal muscle and cardiac mitochondria. These findings make SS-31 an invaluable reference tool for investigating the reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction.

Comparative Analysis: SS-31 vs. Other Mitochondria-Targeted Compounds

When designing bioenergetic protocols, researchers often compare SS-31 against other synthetic or mitochondrial-derived peptides. A primary point of comparison involves the mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c peptide and the cytoprotective peptide Humanin peptide. While all three compounds influence cellular survival under stress, their molecular sites and operational pathways differ substantially.

MOTS-c operates primarily as a nuclear-signaling peptide, translocating to the nucleus during metabolic stress to regulate genomic gene expression, AMPK activation, and systemic glucose homeostasis. In contrast, Humanin exerts its protective actions chiefly by binding to intracellular apoptotic factors (such as Bax and tBid) and extracellular membrane receptors, preventing stress-induced apoptosis. SS-31 is unique in its localized lipid-binding mechanism: it acts directly at the IMM phospholipid surface without requiring genomic activation or membrane-receptor transduction. Researchers evaluating multi-target metabolic experiments can learn more about registering a wholesale lab account to source complete peptide libraries for comparative screening.

Reconstitution and Handling Protocols for Laboratory Research

Proper reconstitution is critical to maintain the chemical stability and biological potency of SS-31 in laboratory environments. SS-31 is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder under inert vacuum or nitrogen gas to prevent premature oxidation or moisture absorption.

When preparing stock solutions for cell culture assays or enzymatic studies, researchers should use sterile, laboratory-grade solvents such as bacteriostatic water, sterile water for injection, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). For step-by-step guidance on solution preparation and solubility limits across various peptide classes, review our technical guide on peptide reconstitution handling.

To reconstitute SS-31, gently introduce the chosen solvent down the side of the glass vial wall. Allow the lyophilized cake to wet naturally for 1–2 minutes, then gently swirl the vial until completely dissolved. Avoid vigorous vortexing or rapid agitation, which can induce shear stress, surface denaturation, or bubble formation. For extended assay series, aliquot the reconstituted stock solution into single-use polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes to prevent repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Evaluating Supplier Quality: Purity, Endotoxin, and Manufacturing Standards

When purchasing SS-31 peptide for sale, laboratory buyers must exercise strict due diligence regarding vendor manufacturing practices and analytical verification. The presence of chemical impurities—such as truncated peptide sequences, residual cleavage reagents, trifluoroacetate (TFA) salts, or heavy metal residues—can alter cellular responses, confound assay results, and introduce non-specific toxicity.

Key quality benchmarks for analytical-grade SS-31 include:

1. Purity Level: Minimum 98% purity determined by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). 2. Molecular Weight Verification: Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS or MALDI-TOF) confirming the exact theoretical mass of 639.8 g/mol. 3. Endotoxin Control: Quantitative Chromogenic LAL assay ensuring endotoxin levels are well below 0.01 EU/mg, preventing lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory artifacts in sensitive cell lines or animal models. 4. Facility Standards: Synthesis performed under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliant conditions in ISO-certified USA facilities.

PX1 Research enforces these quality control thresholds on every single production batch. Every lot of SS-31 undergoes independent testing at an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory prior to release.

Deciphering the PX1 Research Certificate of Analysis (COA)

Transparency in analytical data is vital for peer-reviewed research reproducibility. PX1 Research provides a public, lot-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) with every shipment of SS-31. Researchers can instantly verify their compound by matching the physical lot number on the vial to the corresponding COA PDF available on our platform.

The COA documents the exact RP-HPLC chromatogram, showing the sharp, singular integration peak corresponding to SS-31 alongside calculated percentage purity. The accompanying Mass Spectrometry plot demonstrates the primary mass-to-charge ratio peak, confirming zero sequence deletion mutants or uncleaved protecting groups.

Furthermore, our COAs detail water content (Karl Fischer titration), net peptide content, appearance, and specific endotoxin readings. This level of analytical documentation ensures that investigators receive reliable, highly consistent reagents for published research work.

Storage and Stability Specifications

Lyophilized SS-31 exhibits high thermal stability when stored under appropriate conditions. Upon receipt at your laboratory facility, store the sealed lyophilized vials in a desiccated freezer at -20°C for short-to-medium duration (up to 12 months) or at -80°C for long-term storage (up to 24 months). Protect the vials from direct light exposure.

Once reconstituted into aqueous solutions or buffers, SS-31 stock solutions should be kept refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C if used within 48 to 72 hours. For longer storage of reconstituted material, freeze single-use aliquots immediately at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid subject freezing solutions in frost-free freezers, which undergo temperature fluctuation cycles that accelerate peptide degradation.

Why Source SS-31 Peptide from PX1 Research?

PX1 Research is dedicated to supporting academic, biotechnology, and institutional researchers across the United States with uncompromising compound quality and rapid supply chain execution. When sourcing SS-31 for sale from PX1, investigators benefit from fully transparent US-based synthesis and rigorous analytical protocols.

Key advantages of partnering with PX1 Research include:

• 100% USA Manufactured: Synthesized under strict quality control standards within US facilities. • Lot-Specific COAs: Independent third-party HPLC and MS testing on every lot. • Ultra-Low Endotoxin Guarantee: Tested to ensure suitability for sensitive cellular assays. • Rapid Domestic Dispatch: Same-day dispatch on orders placed Monday through Friday before 3:00 PM EST, shipping directly from specialized distribution centers in California and Arizona. • Bulk and Institutional Accounts: Tailored pricing structures and direct account management through our wholesale program for high-throughput screening initiatives.

Explore our complete inventory of research peptides or select SS-31 peptide for sale today to ensure analytical consistency in your upcoming bioenergetic studies.