SS 31 Peptide for Sale Online

Molecular Profile and Chemical Structure of SS-31 (Elamipretide)

SS-31, also known structurally as D-Arg-2',6'-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 or Elamipretide, is a synthetic tetrapeptide designed specifically to interact with mitochondrial inner membrane structures. Unlike conventional cellular antioxidants, SS-31 contains an alternating aromatic-cationic sequence motif that facilitates targeted uptake across mitochondrial membranes without reliance on transmembrane electrical potential.

The molecular formula of SS-31 is C32H49N9O5, with a molecular mass of approximately 639.80 g/mol. The inclusion of 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) endows the compound with potent radical scavenging capabilities, while the lysine and arginine residues confer a net positive charge. Research assays focus heavily on how this specific chemical architecture allows SS-31 to selectively concentrate at the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) at concentrations up to 5,000-fold higher than in the extracellular environment.

When purchasing SS-31 peptide for laboratory investigations, researchers require precise structural identification and verified molecular weight. PX1 Research ensures every batch undergoes electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to confirm identity alongside high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to establish raw chemical purity.

Mechanism of Action: Cardiolipin Binding and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics

The primary mechanism of SS-31 investigated in preclinical literature centers around its electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction with cardiolipin, an essential phospholipid exclusive to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin is critical for maintaining cristae architecture, organizing electron transport chain (ETC) supercomplexes, and anchoring cytochrome c to facilitate efficient electron transfer.

Under conditions of oxidative stress or pathological lipid peroxidation, cardiolipin undergoes structural degradation, causing destabilization of electron transport complexes I, III, and IV, as well as the release of cytochrome c. In vitro studies indicate that SS-31 binds selectively to cardiolipin through ionic interactions with phosphate headgroups and hydrophobic interactions with acyl chains. This binding stabilizes the cardiolipin-cytochrome c complex, inhibiting the peroxidase activity of cytochrome c and preventing further oxidative decay of membrane lipids.

Preclinical rodent models demonstrate that by stabilizing cardiolipin, SS-31 preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics, maintains ATP synthesis efficiency, and attenuates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Investigators studying cellular senescence, ischemic injury, and metabolic deterioration utilize SS-31 to analyze mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. To review broader literature on organelle-targeted compounds, explore our centralized research library hub.

Sourcing Standards: Criteria for Buying SS 31 Peptide for Sale Online

Sourcing high-purity peptides for quantitative research requires evaluating strict analytical criteria. When evaluating sources offering SS 31 peptide for sale online, principal investigators and laboratory technicians must scrutinize quality verification protocols to avoid experimental variability caused by synthesis impurities, residual solvents, or bacterial endotoxins.

PX1 Research enforces stringent manufacturing and testing protocols across our entire catalog of research peptides. Key quality parameters to verify before procuring SS-31 include:

1. Third-Party ISO 17025 Laboratory Testing: Verification should never be limited to internal manufacturer COAs. Every PX1 Research lot is independently audited by an accredited US laboratory.

2. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): RP-HPLC chromatograms must demonstrate single-peak purity exceeding 98% to prevent interference from truncated peptide sequences.

3. Mass Spectrometry (MS) Verification: ESI-MS spectra confirm exact mass and absence of salt adducts or unwanted chemical modifications.

4. Endotoxin Quantification: Chromogenic LAL assays must verify endotoxin levels remain below 0.5 EU/mg, protecting cell cultures and animal tissue models from non-specific inflammatory signaling.

5. Domestic US Manufacturing & Rapid Fulfillment: All compounds are synthesized under cGMP-compliant standards in USA facilities, stored in climate-controlled environments, and dispatched with same-day shipping (Monday–Friday) from distribution hubs in California and Arizona.

Comparative Analysis: SS-31 vs. MOTS-c vs. Humanin

In metabolic and mitochondrial research, SS-31 is often evaluated alongside other mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) and nuclear-encoded mitochondrial regulators. Understanding the operational differences between these compounds helps researchers select the appropriate research compound for specific assay parameters.

While SS-31 functions as a targeted structural stabilizer of cardiolipin at the inner mitochondrial membrane, peptides like MOTS-c act primarily as signaling factors that translocate to the cell nucleus during metabolic stress to regulate folate cycle pathways and glucose metabolism. Conversely, Humanin exhibits cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic signaling by interacting with cell-surface receptors and binding pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax in the cytosol. Researchers exploring mitochondrial bioenergetics often utilize mitochondrial research peptides in comparative studies to measure structural membrane stabilization against broad nuclear signaling cascades.

Laboratory Reconstitution and Storage Protocols

To preserve the stability and integrity of SS-31 during laboratory evaluation, appropriate handling and storage guidelines must be strictly maintained. SS-31 is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) sterile powder in sealed glass vials.

Lyophilized SS-31 should be stored in a freezer at -20°C or -80°C upon receipt, away from light and humidity. Under these conditions, the lyophilized peptide remains stable for up to 24 months. Prior to reconstitution, vials should be allowed to equilibrate to room temperature to prevent condensation inside the container.

For reconstitution in laboratory settings, sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) is recommended depending on downstream assay demands. Gently swirl or invert the vial until the lyophilized cake fully dissolves; avoid vigorous vortexing, which can cause mechanical shear stress or foam formation. Reconstituted solutions should be aliquoted into single-use polypropylene tubes to avoid destructive freeze-thaw cycles and stored at -20°C for short-term experimentation. For high-volume research facility requirements, explore our wholesale account options.

Preclinical Findings and In Vitro Application Areas

Preclinical investigation into SS-31 spans multiple pathophysiological models focused on mitochondrial dysfunction. Because mitochondria are the primary generators of cellular ATP as well as major sources of oxidative stress, stabilizing membrane microdomains yields broad analytical interest.

In cardiovascular research models, animal studies suggest that SS-31 administration attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury, reduces myocardial infarct size, and prevents left ventricular remodeling. In vitro assays using isolated cardiomyocytes demonstrate preserved mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and decreased cytochrome c release under oxidative challenge.

Renal research models demonstrate that SS-31 mitigates tubular cell damage in acute kidney injury (AKI) models induced by ischemia or nephrotoxic agents. By preserving mitochondrial structural integrity in proximal tubule cells, research models observe reduced apoptotic signaling and lower markers of systemic renal stress. Researchers investigating structural cell damage and membrane stabilization can examine related findings in our cardiolipin binding compounds technical overview.